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The original nootropic was found to enhance learning in healthy humans.
The prototype nootropic, piracetam, soon began to see use in a range of populations, from pre-dementia elderly patients to young kids with ADHD. In 1976 it was tested in healthy college students and was found to increase their verbal learning.
The Nootropic Revolution
Learning that nootropics could be used to enhance the brains of healthy individuals set off a revolution in science and lead to the creation of additional nootropic molecules that were more targeted and powerful than piracetam.
Ingredients
Nootroo Gold & Silver has two different formulas in the same 30-count bottle, with 15 capsules of the Gold Formula and 15 capsules Silver Formula.
The Gold formula contains Noopept and Citicoline and the Silver Formula contains Phenylpiracetam and Citiocline.
The Formulas are designed to be alternated between daily.
Ingredients
Nootroo Gold & Silver has two different formulas in the same 30-count bottle, with 15 capsules of the Gold Formula and 15 capsules Silver Formula.
The Gold formula contains Noopept and Citicoline and the Silver Formula contains Phenylpiracetam and Citiocline.
The Formulas are designed to be alternated between daily.
Noopept
Noopept was developed to be a more bioavailable version of the original nootropic piracetam. It took 10 years, but researchers succeeded beyond their expectations and created a molecule 1000 stronger than piracetam by molecular weight, that also has more pronounced neuroprotective and memory restoring properties.[1]Ostrovskaya RU, Romanova GA, Barskov IV, Shanina EV, Gudasheva TA, Victorov IV, Voronina TA, Seredenin SB (1999). “Memory restoring and neuroprotective effects of the proline-containing … Continue reading. In studies with the Alzheimer’s disease model, Noopept has restored spatial memory and increased immunoreactivity to amyloid buildup. [2]Ostrovskaya RU, Gruden MA, Bobkova NA, Sewell RD, Gudasheva TA, Samokhin AN, Seredinin SB, Noppe W, Sherstnev VV, Morozova-Roche LA (2007). “The nootropic and neuroprotective proline-containing … Continue reading Studies also show Noopept to stimulate the expression of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. BDNF is a protein that is crucial in determining the quantity of new neurons the brain can create, as well as regulating growth, survival and, differentiation of existing neurons.[3]” We showed that the nootropic drug increases expression of neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that neurotrophin synthesis in the … Continue reading
Phenylpiracetam
Originally developed to increase the endurance and enhance the senses of cosmonauts in space, Phenylpiracetam chemically related to Piracetam, but considered 30-60 times stronger. A single dose of phenylpiracetam has been shown to cause a “significant increase in locomotor activity” and a “significantly enhanced memory function” in a passive avoidance test.[4]Zvejniece L, <em>et al</em>. <a href=”http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689376″ target=”_new” rel=”nofollow”>Investigation into … Continue reading. It has also been shown to “increase physical endurance” and “resistance to cold”[5] “Carphedon is a phenyl derivative of nootropil and is effective in increasing physical endurance and cold resistance, and is used for amnesia treatment.” Analyst. 1999 … Continue reading. It has been shown to increase cognition in persons with cognitive decline from organic causes.[6]Lybzikova GN, Iaglova ZhS, Kharlamova IuS. The efficacy of phenotropil in the complex treatment of epilepsy. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. (2008) It has also been shown to improve cognition in youth with epilepsy. In rodent trials Phenylpiracetam has been shown to improve retention latency by over 185%. [7]Zvejniece L, et al. Investigation into stereoselective pharmacological activity of phenotropil. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.
Nootroo Featured on ABC Nightline News 2:27
ABC Nightline news clip featuring Nootroo and Nootropics and how the growing movement is helping people increase their performance beyond baseline.
Nootroo Featured on the BBC’s Health Episode of “Billion dollar Deals and How They Changed Your World” 3:44
The BBC came to check out what is going on in Silicon Valley with those choosing to enhance their biology and push forward science, and who hopefully end up pushing forward the world.
How to Live Forever: The Morning Routine of a Biohacker 1:38
Check out the morning routine of Nootroo Founder, Eric Matzner. He demonstrates an express version of the Nootroo Protocol to prove that most aspects can be achieved within 10 minutes of being awake.
History of Nootropics
In 1963, scientists at UCB Pharma in Belgium were modifying the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in pursuit of creating a sleep-aid. Instead they accidentally discovered a molecule with properties so profound and unique that in order to classify it, the creation of an entirely new class of compounds was required.
That molecule, which would later be known as Piracetam, was able to prevent the disruption of memory formation in rats when they experienced a loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or were electroconvulsively shocked (ECS). It was also shown to bring back higher-level brain function to oxygen-deprived rats, nearly double as quickly as the control. [8]Giurgea, C., Mouravieff-Lesuisse, F., and Leemans, R.: Correlations electropharmacologiques au cours de l’anoxie oxyprive chez le lapin en respiration libre ou artificielle. Rev. Neurol. … Continue reading
What piqued their attention was not only that it was able to do all of that and more, but that it did so while being extremely safe and while showing no activity on over 30 psychopharmacological tests, including behavioral tests demonstrating that it was neither a stimulant nor a sedative. [9]Giurgea, C., Moyersoons, F., and Evraerd, A. C.: A GABA related hypothesis on the mechanism of action of the antimotion sickness drugs. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 166:238-251, 1967.
Piracetam appeared to act directly on higher brain, integrative activity, increasing efficacy, and decreasing deficits. After studying these properties for 9 years, in 1972 Corneliu Giurgea coined the term nootropics, meaning “towards the mind.” [10]The “Nootropic” Approach to the Pharmacology of the Integrative Activity of the Brain C. GIUIRGEA, M.D. 1972
Development of more powerful nootropic agents
Targeted Enhancement
As mentioned, piracetam was discovered accidentally, so as scientists began to learn the beneficial properties of the molecule and the methods of action, they set out to design more powerful and targeted versions.
Advanced Versions
Two of the most promising versions of piracetam developed over the ensuing decades of research were phenylpiracetam and noopept. Phenylpiracetam retained the cognitive enhancement aspects of piracetam, while enhancing psychomotorstimulation. Noopept was designed as a peptide version of piracetam that would target nootropic effects deeper in the brain and has additonal calming properties. These are the nootropics selected for use in Nootroo Gold Formula (Noopept) and Silver Formula (Phenylpiracetam).
Profound effects combining nootropics and choline source
Synergy
Nootroo's formulas are based on the "profound effects" found when combining a nootropic agent (Noopept/Phenylpiracetam) along with a choline source (Citicoline). There is a synergistic effect that is profoundly better than either alone. Long-term administration of piracetam and choline, along with short-term dosing, have been demonstrated to have the greatest effect increase memory and learning retention in aged humans.
Boosting neurotransmitters
One mechanism of action of nootropics is to increase the ability of the brain to increase its usage of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which regulations memory formation and synapse firing [11]Bartus, R. T., R. L. Dean, J. A. Goas and A. S. Lippa. Age-
related changes in passive avoidance retention: Modulation with
dietary choline. Science 209: 301-303, 1980.. By supplementing the building blocks of acetylcholine, the brain will then create more of that neurotransmitter in the brain, which the main nootropics then bring into the hippocampus (where memory is formed).
Citicoline
Citicoline is a precursor for the memory neurotransmitter acetylcholine and supplementation has been shown to increase acetylcholine production in the brain. It is also a major source of the phospholipids required for new neuron synthesis. Studies in healthy women show that taking Cognizin citicoline their verbal memory after just 28 days. Studies suggest that citicoline also can help increase dopamine receptor densities [12]Giménez R, Raïch J, Aguilar J (November 1991).“Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP-choline treatment of aging mice”. British Journal … Continue reading, which is the neurotransmitter associated with motivation. Citicoline has been shown to help improve focus and mental energy [13]“Supplement naturally boosts ageing brain power”. Sydney Morning Herald. 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2009-07-28.), as well as helping with the treatment of attention deficit disorder. Cognizin is a patented form of Citicoline that is created in a bioreactor process that takes 6 months and yields the only pure, free-base form of citcoline that is bioidentical to the form found in nature.
References
| ↑1 | Ostrovskaya RU, Romanova GA, Barskov IV, Shanina EV, Gudasheva TA, Victorov IV, Voronina TA, Seredenin SB (1999). “Memory restoring and neuroprotective effects of the proline-containing dipeptide, GVS-111, in a photochemical stroke model”. Behavioural Pharmacology 10 (5): 549–553.doi:10.1097/00008877-199909000-00013.PMID 10780261 |
|---|---|
| ↑2 | Ostrovskaya RU, Gruden MA, Bobkova NA, Sewell RD, Gudasheva TA, Samokhin AN, Seredinin SB, Noppe W, Sherstnev VV, Morozova-Roche LA (2007). “The nootropic and neuroprotective proline-containing dipeptide noopept restores spatial memory and increases immunoreactivity to amyloid in an Alzheimer’s disease model”. Journal of Psychopharmacology 21 (6): 611–619.doi:10.1177/0269881106071335. 17092975. |
| ↑3 | ” We showed that the nootropic drug increases expression of neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that neurotrophin synthesis in the hippocampus determines cognitive function, particularly in consolidation and delayed memory retrieval. Published data show that neurotrophic factor deficiency in the hippocampus is observed not only in advanced Alzheimer’s disease, but also at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (predisease state). In light of this our findings suggest that Noopept holds much promise to prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Moreover, therapeutic effectiveness of Noopept should be evaluated at the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease.” http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10517-008-0297-x |
| ↑4 | Zvejniece L, <em>et al</em>. <a href=”http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689376″ target=”_new” rel=”nofollow”>Investigation into stereoselective pharmacological activity of phenotropil</a>. <em>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol</em>. 2011 |
| ↑5 | “Carphedon is a phenyl derivative of nootropil and is effective in increasing physical endurance and cold resistance, and is used for amnesia treatment.” Analyst. 1999 Nov;124(11):1559-62. <a href=”http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10746314″>PMID: 10746314</a> |
| ↑6 | Lybzikova GN, Iaglova ZhS, Kharlamova IuS. The efficacy of phenotropil in the complex treatment of epilepsy. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. (2008) |
| ↑7 | Zvejniece L, et al. Investigation into stereoselective pharmacological activity of phenotropil. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. |
| ↑8 | Giurgea, C., Mouravieff-Lesuisse, F., and Leemans, R.: Correlations electropharmacologiques au cours de l’anoxie oxyprive chez le lapin en respiration libre ou artificielle. Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 122:484-486, 1970. |
| ↑9 | Giurgea, C., Moyersoons, F., and Evraerd, A. C.: A GABA related hypothesis on the mechanism of action of the antimotion sickness drugs. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 166:238-251, 1967. |
| ↑10 | The “Nootropic” Approach to the Pharmacology of the Integrative Activity of the Brain C. GIUIRGEA, M.D. 1972 |
| ↑11 | Bartus, R. T., R. L. Dean, J. A. Goas and A. S. Lippa. Age- related changes in passive avoidance retention: Modulation with dietary choline. Science 209: 301-303, 1980. |
| ↑12 | Giménez R, Raïch J, Aguilar J (November 1991).“Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP-choline treatment of aging mice”. British Journal of Pharmacology 104(3): 575–8. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12471.x.PMC 1908237. PMID 1839138. |
| ↑13 | “Supplement naturally boosts ageing brain power”. Sydney Morning Herald. 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2009-07-28. |
