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Enhance Learning
Nootropics have been shown to enhance the learning ability of healthy adults.
Improve Verbal Recall
The brain is more able to process and recall verbalized words if nootropics were administered prior.
Increase Memory Formation
Memory formation is facilitated by the presence of nootropics in the brain.
Greater Interconnectivity
The amount of information passing between hemispheres of the brain is significantly increased by nootropics
Nootropics: Towards the Mind
Nootropics are a category of agents that work selectively "towards the mind." Derived from the greek words "noos" meaning "mind," and "tropein" meaning "towards," nootropics act directly on the integrative activity of the mind that occurs at the highest levels of the brain (the telencephalon).
The telencephalon contains sophisticated structures including the hippocampus (where memory forms), Broca's area (where speech forms), and the corpus callosum (where information crosses between hemispheres). Because of the targeted action directly on the integration of these brain systems, nootropics are able to act on the full processes related to learning and memory including recall, processing, and consolidation. This selective action of nootropics also must occur while being neuroprotective, virtually free of side-effects and non-toxic, even at high doses even with long-term administration.
No molecule had ever been found that possessed all of these properties until 1964, when, while working to develop a sleep-aid, scientists modified the naturally occurring neurotransmitter GABA. What they created instead of a sleep-aid was something much more profound, a molecule that would later be known as piracetam.
The head neuropharmacologist of the lab, Corneliu Giugea, lead an in-depth study to elucidate of the properties of this molecule. The properties were so unique, including the enhancement of learning and memory while being neuroprotective, that in order to categorize it, an entirely new class was required. In 1972, he coined the term nootropics, meaning "towards the mind," for agents that act selectively to enhance the higher-level "integrative activity" of the brain.
Properties of a Nootropic
Based on Giurgea's definition, a nootropic must demonstrate all of the following properties:
Enhance Learning & Memory
Improve learning acquistion and enhance resistance to learning impairments from casues such as lack of oxygen (hypoxia), electroconvulsive shock (ECS), and chemicals that tend to prevent memory formation (scopolamine).
Facilitate Interhemispheric Transfer & Synchronization
Facilitate the transfer of information from one hemisphere to the other, across the corpus callosum which increases synchronization between the hemispheres.
Non-Stimulant & Non-Sedative
Work by increasing the integration of higher-level (telencephalic) activity. On over 30 classical pharmacological tests, the original nootropic shows no activity, including as neither a central nervous stimulant nor a sedative.
Enhance Cerebral Resistance
Increase the brain's ability to resist aggressions and increase recovery time after loss of oxygen, physical trauma, and many chemical intoxications.
Strengthen Control of Subcortical Processes
While not acting on directly the central nervous system, nootropics are still able to modulate cortical tonic control, as seen in central nystagmus and spinal fixiation.
Non-Toxic & Low-to-No Side Effects
Must work in harmony with the brain, being virtually free of side-effects and non-toxic even in high doses. Nootropics must not be habit-forming or cause withdrawal.
Understanding The Origins
The nootropic concept had to be developed because a molecule was discovered that had properties unilke anything before it. This molecule, now known as Piracetam, was able to enhance learning and memory while being protective of the brain, and had little to no side effects.
Advanced Nootropics
Piracetam was the prototype for the nootropic concept and forms the greatest body of evidence on the efficacy of nootropics. The Nootroo Gold and Silver Formulas are based off of this research and include next-generation, more advanced versions of piracetam each stacked synergystically with citicoline (Cognizin).
What Are Nootropics?
The term nootropics is derived from the Greek words for “mind” and “towards” and means “towards the mind.” Nootropics are molecules that have “a selective activity upon the higher-integrative mechanisms of the brain.”[1]Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind, Giurgea 1981 P 192 They act directly on the parts of the brain where information is brought together on the highest level and as such are able to positively enhance the processes related to learning, speech, and memory acquisition, consolidation, and recall. To be considered a nootropic, these properties of enhanced activity must occur while also being protective of the brain and while having little to no side-effects.
How Were Nootropics Discovered?
In 1964, scientists in Belgium were working to develop a sleep-aid. The scientists modified the naturally occurring neurotransmitter GABA, but what resulted instead of a sleep-aid, was something much more profound, a molecule that would come to be known as piracetam. As they probed the properties of the molecule, it became increasingly clear that it was so unqiue, that an entirely new category would be required to describe it, and so in 1972, Cornlieu Giurgea proposed the nootropic concept.
What is Nootroo Gold & Silver?
Nootroo Gold & Silver is our premium nootropic stack based on the continued research into nootropics over the last 50 years. The Gold and Silver Formulas each have a different main, next-generation nootropic paired with the precursor for the memory neurotransmitter. The Gold Formula contains Noopept and Citicoline (Cognizin) and the Silver Formula contains Phenylpiracetam and Citicoline (Cognizin). Each bottle contains 30 total pills, with 15 of the Gold Formula and 15 of the Silver Formula and can be distinguished by their non-artifically colored capsules. We are now shipping our 5.0 version of Nootroo Gold & Silver Formulas.
How Do The Formulas Work?
The combination of the ingredients in both the Gold & Silver Formulas are considered to be synergistic stacks. Research shows that the underlying mechanism of the combination has a “profound effect on memory enhancement.” Citicoline administration alone in healthy adults alone increases the levels of the main neurotransmitter responsible for memory formation, acetylcholine in the outside areas of the brain. When combined with piracetam-like nootropics, the increased acetylcholine is brought into the hippocampus where it is more fully utilized by the brain. The combined effects of nootropics+choline are greater than either alone.
What is Nootroo the Company?
Founded in 2014, Nootroo is dedicated to creating the highest quality nootropic stacks available. Our tagline is “The Gold Standard in Nootropics” because of our commitment to using only the highest possible quality ingredients. In fact, that tagline (and our gold branding) comes from the fact that we used to use actual 23.5k gold flakes in our Gold Formula and 100% pure silver flakes in our Silver Formula to distinguish betwen them, before we manufactured our custom, non-artifically colored capsules. Our commitment to quality goes beyond aesthethics though, as we are commited to making sure everything else in the capsules is pure as possible. We carry out 3rd-party lab testing on all of our ingredients with a spec of 99% purity and A+ ratings, and we license the purest form of citicoline, a patented bioidentical form from Japan called Cognizin. Our capsules also contain no binding agents, fillers, excipients or anything besides the high-purity ingredients listed. With Nootroo you can be confident knowing that we never cut corners and that you always have the best nootropics available.
Understanding the Original Nootropic: Piracetam
Increase In Human Memory
Piracetam was shown to significantly increase the memory of healthy college students in less than 14 days of daily use on a word recall test. Nootropic effects generally increase over time and this study concluded that nootropics are "capable of extending the intellectual functions of man."
Increased Verbal Recall by 15%
Healthy adults had a 15% increase in the number of words recalled on a test of verbal recall. Words heard by the left ear had to cross the corpus callosum in order to reach the verbal processing region on the other side of the brain in order to be verbalized.
Unique Properties
Piracetam is not a stimulant and does not work by directly affecting the central nervous system as caffeine or an amphetamine does. Piracetam shows no activity on over 30 different tests and has demonstrated little to no side-effects, including no toxicity, even in extremely high doses.
Next-Generation Nootropics
While piracetam is an amazing molecule, its accidental discovery meant that it wasn't invented with a directed focus on cognitive enhancement or neuroprotection. Fortunately, in the intervening decades since piracetam's discovery, research labs around the world set out to make improved versions with additional benefits and they succeeded beyond their expectations. Two of the best versions created were noopept and phenylpiracetam.
Noopept is a di-peptide version of piracetam that has very high bioavailability and demonstrated anxiolytic properties. Phenylpiracetam was created by adding a "phenyl" group to piracetam which gives it increased bioavailability and some psychomotor activity.
The circles below show where the piracetam structure is within these new molecules. Taking these advanced forms of piracetam and adding a bio-identical form of the body's preferred choline source is how you get the Nootroo Gold & Silver Formulas.
The Magic Behind Nootroo Gold & Silver:
Next-Generation Nootropics
Synergistic Formulations
Protocol For Optimal Performance
As Featured In:
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Gold Formula
Noopept
Noopept is a di-peptide version of piracetam specifically developed to be more powerful and absorbable from oral administration. The researchers from the lab that created it, specialized in creating peptide versions of other molecules, and created hundreds of modified versions of piracetam before selecting Noopept because it is was highly absorbed and "demonstrated a wide spectrum of cognition improving effects."[2]Ostrovskaya RU, Romanova GA, Barskov IV, Shanina EV, Gudasheva TA, Victorov IV, Voronina TA, Seredenin SB: Memory restoring and neuroprotective effects of the proline containing dipeptide, GVS-111, … Continue reading This molecule has been demonstrated to have both positive short-term and long-term effects at enhancing memory and mental processing, especially in older populations.
More powerful than piracetam
In adults with (a) cognitive decline and (b) post-concussional syndrome, Noopept was shown to have an even more powerful and consistent effect compared to piracetam.
Increased BDNF
Noopept significantly increased the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain. BDNF levels control the quantity of new neurons created by the brain.
Enhanced Firing of Pyrmadial Neurons
Noopept has been shown to increase the firing rate of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. These neurons are implicated in memory formation and recall.
CDP-Choline
CDP-Choline, also known as citicoline, is a precursor for the memory neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Supplementation has been shown to increase acetylcholine production in the brain. Citicoline administration has also been shown to increase brain bioenergetics by increasing energy reserves and utilization of energy.[3]Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy.. Studies in healthy adult women show that taking Cognizin citicoline significantly improved their verbal memory after just 28 days.[4]Improved Attentional Performance Following Citicoline Administration in Healthy Adult Women Studies suggest that citicoline also can help increase dopamine receptor densities [5]Giménez R, Raïch J, Aguilar J (November 1991).”Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP-Choline treatment of aging mice”. British Journal … Continue reading, which is the neurotransmitter associated with motivation. We license Cognizin, a patented form of Citicoline, that is the only pure, free-base form of citicoline that is bioidentical to the form found in nature.
Silver Formula
Phenylpiracetam
Phenylpiracetam is a version of piracetam with an added phenyl group designed to increase processing speed and provide mental endurance. This added group increases piracetam's affinity for the receptors that control psychomotor activity (where movement and thinking are combined), while not not being a central nervous stimulant. Phenylpiraceatam has been shown to significantly speed up processing and endurance, even in single doses. It was utilized by the Russian space program for use by cosmonauts on extended missions.
Prevent Disruption of Memory Formation
Phenylpiracetam has also been shown to prevent a memory blocking agent, scopolamine, from blocking memory formation. This is a powerful indicator of the effect of phenylpiracetam on memory formation.
Increased Endurance
Phenylpiracetam was shown to increase the amount of distance covered in exploratory trials. This correlates to an increase in mental activation and endurance.
Normalization Against Aggressions
Phenylpiracetam was shown in this study to regulate the brain waves against aggression in an epilepsy model. Autonomic normalization is a property that helps ensure consistent brain activity against things that would tend to disrupt it.
CDP-Choline
CDP-Choline, also known as citicoline, is a precursor for the memory neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Supplementation has been shown to increase acetylcholine production in the brain. Citicoline administration has also been shown to increase brain bioenergetics by increasing energy reserves and utilization of energy.[6]Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy.. Studies in healthy adult women show that taking Cognizin citicoline significantly improved their verbal memory after just 28 days.[7]Improved Attentional Performance Following Citicoline Administration in Healthy Adult Women Studies suggest that citicoline also can help increase dopamine receptor densities [8]Giménez R, Raïch J, Aguilar J (November 1991).”Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP-Choline treatment of aging mice”. British Journal … Continue reading, which is the neurotransmitter associated with motivation. We license Cognizin, a patented form of Citicoline, that is the only pure, free-base form of citicoline that is bioidentical to the form found in nature.
Nootroo is considered “The Gold Standard In Nootropics” because of our commitment to creating the highest-quality and most effective nootropic blends on the market.
But we do more than just create the best nootropics, we have also developed the Nootroo Protocol to help you integrate into your life, the activities and habits that research shows are essential for achieving optimal performance.
“It’s not like every tech worker in Silicon Valley is taking nootropics to get ahead,” Burke acknowledges. “It’s the few who are getting ahead who are using supplements to do that...” These days, he buys his stack from Nootroo, a San Francisco company.
"Tweaking brains with ‘smart drugs’ to get ahead in Silicon Valley"
Nootropics are a broad category of cognitive-enhancing supplements that include a range of compounds to improve memory, focus and mood...Matzner said he wants to “get these things out to as many smart people as possible so people could get smarter and make the world better.”
'Nootropics’ gain momentum as 'smart pills’
“We’re talking about...a new type of biology where we’re taking these things into our own hands but also to try and proactively go from baseline to above,” said Matzner.
A real-life 'Limitless' pill? Silicon Valley entrepreneurs pursue brain hacking with nootropics, or 'smart drugs'
Nootropics are trending right now in Silicon Valley. A crop of new companies are selling these so-called productivity pills to "biohackers" looking to get an edge in work and life...A company based in San Francisco called Nootroo sells two pills -- one gold, one silver...
Nootropics, Biohacking and Silicon Valley's Pursuit of Productivity
"Eric takes nootropics...a mix of compounds...that claim to improve cognitive function, increase alertness and strengthen memory and recall."
Billion Dollar Deals and How They Changed Your World | Health
[Nootroo’s] pills come in “gold” and “silver” formulas, which are to be taken on alternating days. Over time, they’re intended to enhance focus, memory, and cognitive function.
The Brain Bro
ABC Nightline News Feature On Nootropics 2:27
Nightline News dropped by to see what all the hype over nootropics is about. They interviewed a Nootroo customer to find “the secret to her work hard play hard lifestyle.”
BBC’s Health Episode of “Billion dollar Deals and How They Changed Your World” 3:44
The BBC came to check out what is going on in Silicon Valley with those choosing to enhance their biology and push forward science, to see if they just might end up pushing forward the world.
How to Live Forever: The Morning Routine of a Biohacker 1:38
NPR wanted some tips on how biohacker and Nootroo founder, Eric Matzner, starts his day, so he showed them a basic adaption of the Nootroo Protocol.
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”Humanity will not wait millions of years until Mother Nature will hand it a functionally better brain...[Humankind] will directly, openly and consciously take part in evolution.
Corneliu Giurgea (1923-1995)Father of the Nootropic Concept
History of Nootropics
An accidental discovery...
In the early 1960s, scientists were working to develop a form of the neurotransmitter GABA, that would be able to cross the blood-brain barrier and potentially work as a sleep aid.[9]How To Deal With An Unusual Pharmacological Pattern: The Nootropic Case, C Giurgea, P197, 1976.
While they succeeded in developing a molecule with the ability to enter the brain, they failed at creating a sleep aid. What they discovered instead, however, was a molecule that would later prove to be much more profound.
Like a sculptor removing parts of the stone to reveal the beauty within,[10]"Within the marble itself, Michelangelo thought lies the beauty, it is not created by the sculptor. He only takes out the excess of stone and so makes beauty available to our eyes. Scientific … Continue reading Corneliu Giurgea, the lead scientist at the lab, and his team would work diligently to chip away at the unknowns of piracetam, to reveal the properties within it.
After 9 years of research, Giurgea had determined that this molecule (piracetam) acted in such a unique way on the higher-level, integrative activities of the brain, that in order to classify it, the creation of an entirely new classification was required: " the nootropic approach to integrative activity of the mind."
A Challenging Compound
"Lack of Usual Activity"
On over 30 pharmacological tests, Piracetam was found to have no activity, including being neither a sedative nor a stimulant. It also had no toxicity and few side effects, even when given in extremely high doses, such as grams per kilogram of body weight, to mice, rats, cats, dogs, and monkeys with single or multiple doses, even over long-term administration.
In fact, because of those properties, piracetam seemed to be inactive. Had it not been for a test on nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), where they found it immediately active, piracetam likely would have been passed over. This discovery was especially intriguing to the researchers because all of the then-known agents active against nystagmus were either antihistamines or anticholinergics.
It was clear that piracetam did not fit into either of those classes, so the researchers set out to understand which class it did fit into. As they would eventually discover, no existing class embodied the properties of this "unusual" molecule.[11]"Piracetam was such a challenge to our laboratory until we accumulated an important body of knowledge, which made it possible to attempt a relatively comprehensive interpretation of the particular … Continue reading [12]"Piracetam: Nootropic Pharmacology of the Neurointegrative Activity, P229
Unexpected Results
"Memory Seemed Somehow Improved"
The first human trials began in 1965 and showed that piracetam was able to significantly inhibit nystagmus.[13]Giurgea et al 1976 Because there was extremely low toxicity and seemingly few side-effects, they began to test piracetam in other populations. Further data reported internally[14]at their lab, UCB Pharma in Belgium then claimed "fairly good efficacy against motion sickness and vertigo" in humans. These findings lead them to search for a "more comprehensive picture of piracetam from the neurophysiological point of view."[15]Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind, Giugea 1981
As they were carrying out these follow up studies over 1966-1967, a series of surprising results were reported. First, results came in from a study done at a hospital in Finland on post-concussion patients. The scientists running the study wrote to Giurgea[16]Personal Communications between Giurgea and Prof. Hilboom and Dr. Jahro to let him know that the "patients memory seemed somehow improved, that they declared to 'think' better."[17]How To Deal With An Unusual Pharmacological Pattern ; The Nootropic Case, C Giurgea, P198, 1976.
Then came word from a trial in Brusseles[18]Personal Communications between Giurgea and Prof. Sorel on epileptic children administered piracetam. The parents of the children in the study "claimed a kind of improvement in the overall mental efficiency." And then another researcher[19]Personal Communications between Giurgea and Prof. Ectors in Bruxelles reported to him that his Parkinsonian patients under Piracetam were "somehow more aware of their sickness."
Since Giurgea and his team had previously demonstrated piracetam selectively enhanced interhemispheric communication (see associated image), he had suspected that the compound might facilitate other cortically integrated mental functions, but at that time, he had no idea the extent.
This new information changed the course of their clinical work and they began to focus on "studies related to a potential beneficial effect of Piracetam on mental activity."[20]How to Deal With an Unusual Pharmacological Pattern: The Nootropic Case, Giurgea 1976, P198
Nootropic Properties Revealed
As experimental data on the neurochemical mechanisms of piracetam continued to expand, Giurgea and his team began to zero in on some overarching properties of the molecule that would come to define the nootropic class.
In normal subjects, piracetam appeared to "activate efficiency of higher nervous function" and in the case of injury, piracetam appeared to "protect and/or facilitate restoration of normal brain activity."
From these observations and others, Giurgea surmised that piracetam, and potentially other molecules like it, "appeared to have a selective activity upon the higher-integrative mechanisms of the brain."[21]Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind, Giurgea 1981 P 192
Enhancement of Learning & Memory
Rats learned how to exit a water maze much more quickly when on piracetam.
Facilitation of Interhemispheric Transfer
Notice the change in the amplitude of the evoked potential of the corpus callosum, without a change in morphology. Demonstrating telencephalic selectivity.
Protection Against Loss of Oxygen
Memory is protected from disruption during a loss of oxygen (hypoxia) if the rats are given Piracetam prior.
Protection From Electroconvulsive Shock
After having their brains electroconvulsively shocked, after 24-hours, rats given piracetam prior remembered 100%, while rats on placebo remembered less than 20% of the time.
Increased Control of Subcortical Processes
Piracetam suppresses nystagmus at high and low doses and enhances the stimulation threshold.
Inactive on over 30 Pharmacological Tests
No sedation or tranquilization, no stimulation, no interference with synaptical transmitters, no acute or long-term toxicity. No cortical or subcortical EEG changes in reticular sensory or direct arousal threshold, etc. No changes of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal systems.
”"Man's brain is remarkable among mammals because of the greatly increased volume of the cerebral cortex...Unlike the cortex of the rat, which is completely motor or sensory except for a small undefined area, most of the human cortex is neither sensory in function nor motor... Man is different from lower mammals...[he is] part of an evolving society. He has in his brain, extensive areas of undefined and uncommitted cerebral cortex... The brain of man is molded by his mind."
Wilder Penfield (1966)
The human brain is not only larger than that of other mammals relative to body size, but the brain's cortex has evolved to be "un-committed" to sensory input, and instead is devoted to its "integrative capacity."[22]Speech, Perception and the Uncommitted Cortex by Wilder Penfield, Brain and Conscious Experience, Eccles 1966
Thus, Giurgea said, by understanding the evolutionary, structural, and functional arguments of the role played by the telencephalon in higher mammals, "it then becomes conceivable that one could pharmacologically intervene in a direct, specific manner upon the integrative efficiency of the telencephalon. And from that perspective, he put forward the nootropic concept.
Towards the Mind
Integrative Activity of the Brain
Giurgea defined integrative activity as: "the body of operations through which the brain accomplishes its most specific function, i.e., enables us to acquire new experiences, to retrieve past ones, and by a constant interaction between them, interfere with our own past and future."[23]Piracetam: Nootropic Pharmacology of Neurointegrative Activity, Giurgea 1976, P224
Through our sensory abilities, we create a "phantom-like" image of the real world. And then from complex, "integrating activity" in the telencephalon, we then derive our "capacities [of] perception, conscience, and other features of the inner life of a human being."
While other classifications include molecules that can have an effect on higher mental function, it is usually through an indirect pathway and is typically accompanied by side effects (especially in high doses). No other class includes agents that act directly on higher-level integrative activity or met the other properties and so it became clear that piracetam was the forerunner of an entirely new class.
Based on the evidence of a direct, selective activity of piracetam on the higher integrative mechanisms of the brain, in 1972, Giugea proposed the formation of an entirely new class of agents that would be known as nootropics, meaning "towards the mind."
Pharmacology of Higher Brain Integrative Activity
Nootropic Classification
The prototypical nootropic agent:
(a) Facilitates learning acquisition and enhances resistance to learning impairments
(b) Facilitates interhemispheric transfer of information
(c) Enhances cerebral resistance to aggressions
(d) Strengthens control on subcortical CNS activity
(e) Virtually free of side effects and non-toxic even in very high doses
Nootropics are practically nontoxic and bear a direct impact on noetic, telencephalic, higher integrative mechanisms.
And like Michalenago, Giurgea had removed enough of the "excess of misunderstanding" to reveal the true beauty of the nootropic approach towards the integrative activity of the mind.[24]"Within the marble itself, Michelangelo thought lies the beauty, it is not created by the sculptor. He only takes out the excess of stone and so makes beauty available to our eyes. Scientific … Continue reading)
Increase In Interhemispherical Transmission
"Superconnection of the Brain"
Now that scientists had a framework for understanding the action of piracetam, they began devising new studies to explore how increases in efficiency of high-level activity could be demonstrated in healthy humans. In 1975 a study was devised to test the transfer of information across the corpus callosum in healthy college students.
Researchers administered a dichotic listening test, where words are played simultaneously on stereo headphones (with one message in the right ear and another message in the left ear), and subjects would be asked to write down as many words as they could remember from each ear.
Because words that come in the left ear are processed in the right side of the brain, then sent to the language area on the left side, they must cross the corpus callosum. This study showed remarkable results, the students on piracetam showed a 15% increase in their verbal capacity.
The scientists referred to this as a "superconnection of the brain," and stated: "what does seem to be established...is that there is an increase in the capacity for learning and the registration of verbal information is increased...It is tempting, however, to believe that superconnection not only leads to increased registration but also plays a part in integrating different brain areas and thus lead to a greater capacity for learning."
Enhancing the Healthy
"Increase In the Power of Human Memory"
As a follow up to the "superconnection" study, the researchers[25]Dimond and Brouwers set up another placebo-controlled, double-blind study on healthy college students. Instead of verbal learning though, they decided to test recall with written words.
In the study, subjects were shown two-syllable long words and were asked to recall them after varying lengths of time. After 14 days of treatment with piracetam, they found that both direct and delayed recall was significantly increased.
The researchers concluded that "piracetam promotes verbal learning and in this, it would appear to be a substance which in a specific respect is capable of extending the intellectual functions of man."
The researchers concluded that even though verbal learning is only one aspect of the intellect, this study demonstrated that "human brain power can be selectively increased." [26]"Increase in the power of human memory...", Dimond and Brouwers 1976
Synergistic Effects
Profound Effects Combining Piracetam Choline
Researchers studying deficient brains in older populations are constantly working to activate the cholinergic system, as the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is directly implicated in memory. Normally, administering choline alone can increase cholinergic transmission and raise the levels of acetylcholine in the brain.
However, in some older patients, their cholinergic systems are so deteriorated, that they are unable to turn the choline into acetylcholine. The scientists theorized that if they could administer choline, while simultaneously administering a compound that could correct for the critical age-related neuronal deficiencies, it might enable the choline to be properly metabolized.
When they learned that piracetam enables the central nervous system to function more effectively, the researchers[27]Profound effects of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged rats.
Bartus RT, Dean RL 3rd, Sherman KA, Friedman E, Beer B. decided to run an experiment on aged rats. They administered choline, piracetam, alone as well as the combination of the two.
Both choline and piracetam alone seemed to have a somewhat positive, albeit limited effect. However, when they combined piracetam and choline, the results were considered "profound." See the dramatic difference the combination makes in the gold bar labeled "C+P" in the accompanying graph.
Our Gold & Silver stacks are based on the principles behind this synergistic combination of ingredients.
Quo Vadis
What is Next?
Having firmly established the nootropic concept, by the early 1980s Giurgea began to imagine the development of more advanced nootropic molecules.
He wrote, "I do consider piracetam merely as the first"[28]Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind, Chapter 9 of the nootropics and that "new nootropics should be made available, these should be more active than piracetam in terms of dosage, delay of therapeutic effect, duration of activity, etc."[29]Piracetam: Nootropic Pharamcology of Neurointegrative Activity, P264 He also thought that there should be versions that have a more specific effect on a given aspect of the nootropic concept.
Giurgea was not sure exactly what would come next though, which is which is why he left a "?" after Piracetam on the accompanying image showing where the nootropics classification fits.
That question mark now has an answer, because more advanced versions of piracetam have been successfully developed.
More Advanced
Next-Generation Nootropics
In the 1980s, labs began synthesizing new, more powerful versions of piracetam. Most of the time they kept the core structure of piracetam (the proline molecule) and made other modifications.
Of those, Noopept and Phenylpiracetam, while very different from each other, stand out as the most promising versions to fulfill Giurgea's vision of a next-generation nootropic. Both were fully developed all the way through successful clinical trials and use in humans.
We have selected Noopept for our Gold Formula, and Phenylpiracetam for our Silver Formula.
Noopept was designed as a peptide version of piracetam that would be significantly more powerful and orally bioavailable, and by chance, it had anxiolytic properties.
Phenylpiracetam was designed to retain the cognitive enhancing aspects of piracetam, while also working to enhance endurance and processing speed.
These are the nootropics selected for use in our formula due to the wide body of research on both, including decades of clinical use with demonstrated and well-known pharmacokinetics. They are also consistently the top recommended compounds among biohackers in the nootropics community.
The circles below show where the piracetam structure is within Noopept and Phenylpiracetam. Taking these advanced forms of piracetam and adding a bio-identical form of the body's preferred choline source, for its synergistic action, is how you get the Nootroo Gold & Silver Formulas.
The Magic Behind Nootroo Gold & Silver:
Next-Generation Nootropics
Synergistic Formulations
Protocol For Optimal Performance
As Featured In:
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Discounted For Subscription
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Never Run Out of Supply
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3 Bottles (90 Capsules)
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6-Pack
6 Bottles (180 Capsules)
90 Gold Formula & 90 Silver Formula
30 Day Access to the Nootroo Protocol
$289.95
12-Pack
12 Bottles (360 Capsules)
180 Gold Formula & 180 Silver Formula
30 Day Access to the Nootroo Protocol
$574.95
References
↑1, ↑21 | Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind, Giurgea 1981 P 192 |
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↑2 | Ostrovskaya RU, Romanova GA, Barskov IV, Shanina EV, Gudasheva TA, Victorov IV, Voronina TA, Seredenin SB: Memory restoring and neuroprotective effects of the proline containing dipeptide, GVS-111, in a photochemical stroke model. Behav Pharmacol 1999, 10:549–553 |
↑3, ↑6 | Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. |
↑4, ↑7 | Improved Attentional Performance Following Citicoline Administration in Healthy Adult Women |
↑5, ↑8 | Giménez R, Raïch J, Aguilar J (November 1991).”Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP-Choline treatment of aging mice”. British Journal of Pharmacology 104(3): 575–8. |
↑9 | How To Deal With An Unusual Pharmacological Pattern: The Nootropic Case, C Giurgea, P197, 1976 |
↑10 | "Within the marble itself, Michelangelo thought lies the beauty, it is not created by the sculptor. He only takes out the excess of stone and so makes beauty available to our eyes. Scientific creativity often resembles this process...He only removes the excess of misunderstanding...That was the case with our nootropic research which we now consider as one potential approach to the pharmacology of the integrative activity of the brain." Corneliu Giurgea (1981) |
↑11 | "Piracetam was such a challenge to our laboratory until we accumulated an important body of knowledge, which made it possible to attempt a relatively comprehensive interpretation of the particular and complex pharmacology of [it]" Giugea, Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind p191 |
↑12 | "Piracetam: Nootropic Pharmacology of the Neurointegrative Activity, P229 |
↑13 | Giurgea et al 1976 |
↑14 | at their lab, UCB Pharma in Belgium |
↑15 | Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind, Giugea 1981 |
↑16 | Personal Communications between Giurgea and Prof. Hilboom and Dr. Jahro |
↑17 | How To Deal With An Unusual Pharmacological Pattern ; The Nootropic Case, C Giurgea, P198, 1976 |
↑18 | Personal Communications between Giurgea and Prof. Sorel |
↑19 | Personal Communications between Giurgea and Prof. Ectors in Bruxelles |
↑20 | How to Deal With an Unusual Pharmacological Pattern: The Nootropic Case, Giurgea 1976, P198 |
↑22 | Speech, Perception and the Uncommitted Cortex by Wilder Penfield, Brain and Conscious Experience, Eccles 1966 |
↑23 | Piracetam: Nootropic Pharmacology of Neurointegrative Activity, Giurgea 1976, P224 |
↑24 | "Within the marble itself, Michelangelo thought lies the beauty, it is not created by the sculptor. He only takes out the excess of stone and so makes beauty available to our eyes. Scientific creativity often resembles this process...He only removes the excess of misunderstanding...That was the case with our nootropic research which we now consider as one potential approach to the pharmacology of the integrative activity of the brain." Corneliu Giurgea (1981 |
↑25 | Dimond and Brouwers |
↑26 | "Increase in the power of human memory...", Dimond and Brouwers 1976 |
↑27 | Profound effects of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged rats. Bartus RT, Dean RL 3rd, Sherman KA, Friedman E, Beer B. |
↑28 | Fundamentals to a Pharmacology of the Mind, Chapter 9 |
↑29 | Piracetam: Nootropic Pharamcology of Neurointegrative Activity, P264 |